寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。     

Optimizing aphid biocontrol with the predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza,based on biology and ecology

Aphidoletes aphidimyza is one of the most important predators used in the augmentative biological control of aphids, key pests of many crops worldwide. Adult females are very efficient in locating aphid infestations over a relatively long range, up to 45 m, and deposit eggs near or within aphid colonies. The predatory larvae are aphid generalists preying on several agriculturally important aphid species. The successful use of this biocontrol agent in agricultural systems depends on several biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, aphid species, plant structure, interspecific competition and intraguild predation may significantly impact the predator´s population dynamics. Key abiotic conditions include day lengths (above a critical threshold to prevent diapause), availability of mating sites in the crop, temperature (above 15 °C to enable egg laying), air relative humidity (above 70%) and availability of pupation sites. Although several successes have been reported in open field crops with naturally occurring or released populations, commercial releases are primarily used in protected crops. Optimized emergence boxes combining provisioning of food sources for the adults, integration with the technological advances that occurred in the greenhouse environment lately, insights into the nutritional ecology in open field crops and exploration of the genetic variability are proposed as future directions to improve adoption and efficacy of A. aphidimyza in crop protection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Problems of implementing compulsory integrated pest management

Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

肠道可培养共生菌对橘小实蝇不育雄虫生物学特征的影响

橘小实蝇是一种对果、蔬产业造成严重经济损失的害虫，应用昆虫不育技术（SIT）防治橘小实蝇是一种切实可行的科学手段，但辐照会使不育雄虫受到一定程度的损伤。本研究通过在饲料中添加抗生素对肠道灭菌处理来探究肠道可培养共生菌对橘小实蝇生物学及形态学参数的影响。结果表明，抗生素处理组在不育雄虫的蛹重、逆境存活率以及竞争交配力等均显著低于对照组。另外，抗生素处理组和对照组不育雄虫的存活率曲线图表明处理组不育雄虫的寿命时长显著低于对照组，利用Weibull分布拟合模型判断得知两组橘小实蝇存活率曲线均符合基本模型中的Ⅰ型。本研究为进一步利用肠道可培养共生菌来改善橘小实蝇不育雄虫的生理健康提供理论基础。     

星天牛生物防治研究进展

星天牛Anoplophora chinensis Forster为亚洲本土的林木钻蛀性害虫，近年来已入侵到一些欧洲国家，被列为重要的国际检疫对象。本文综述了国内外有关星天牛的自然天敌种类及其人工利用的研究进展。我国古代曾用黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius防治危害柑橘树的星天牛，近年来开展了野外释放天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire成虫和卵卡防治星天牛的实践，都取得了较好的防治效果。川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao对星天牛低龄幼虫具有一定的控制作用，天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus fukutai Miwa&Sonan显示出了良好的生物防治利用前景，在意大利对星天牛的卵寄生率最高达72%。一些欧洲本地拟寄生蜂种类，如柄腹茧蜂Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael也可寄生入侵当地的星天牛自然种群。此外，利用昆虫病原微生物控制星天牛，也具有较好的防治前景，如用布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii Petch制成的无纺布菌条已经在日本开发成为一种商品，真菌侵染可引起天牛高致死率。昆虫病原线虫夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae Weiser也具有作为生物杀虫剂用于控制星天牛幼虫的开发前景。本文还讨论了目前星天牛生物防治中存在的不足及其原因，展望了今后研究的重点和方向。     

一株高致病力赭绿青霉的生物学特性及杀虫活性

为明确一株高致病力赭绿青霉Penicillium ochrochloron Q-1的生防潜力，室内测试了不同营养、环境因素及常见杀菌剂、杀虫剂对菌株Q-1的影响，并采用室内毒力测定方法研究菌株Q-1对不同昆虫的毒力。结果表明：菌株Q-1对营养要求较低，最适生长和产孢培养基分别为淀粉琼脂培养基（SYA）和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（PDA），最适生长碳源为麦芽糖，最适产孢碳源为葡萄糖，最适生长和产孢氮源均为蛋白胨，最适生长及产孢温度为28℃，最适pH为6.0，同时菌株Q-1的孢子对紫外线具有一定的耐受力；化学农药中四螨嗪等杀虫剂对菌株Q-1生长影响较小，多菌灵、咪鲜胺等杀菌剂明显抑制菌株Q-1生长；在1×10⁷孢子/mL浓度下，菌株Q-1对棉铃虫幼虫、家蚕幼虫及柑橘全爪螨雌成螨的LT₅₀分别为4.08、21.37和28.43 h。综上，菌株Q-1生长快、产孢量高，对棉铃虫幼虫、家蚕幼虫及柑橘全爪螨雌成螨致病力高，本研究为赭绿青霉进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

草地贪夜蛾的天敌昆虫资源、应用现状及存在的问题与建议

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区的重大农业害虫，具有迁飞快、寄主广、繁殖强、为害重、适生力强等特点。自2019年初入侵我国以来，现已蔓延到我国21个省（市、自治区），草地贪夜蛾将在我国定殖并呈现周年常态化发生态势，对我国玉米产业的发展构成严重威胁。本文综述了草地贪夜蛾的国内外寄生性和捕食性天敌昆虫及其应用情况，并就我国天敌昆虫产业发展的现状和存在的问题提出了建议，以期为应用天敌昆虫防控草地贪夜蛾提供参考。     

益蝽对草地贪夜蛾高龄幼虫的捕食能力评价和捕食行为观察

为了探究天敌昆虫益蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食潜力，本试验在室内条件下评价了益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食能力，结合田间观察总结了益蝽的捕食行为特点。结果表明：益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型，对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为4.671头、1.512和0.215 d；益蝽偏食活猎物，对草地贪夜蛾幼虫致死量大，当草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度大时，益蝽将一头猎物刺吸致死后并不持续吸取，而是快速攻击其他猎物，这一特点对于控制草地贪夜蛾种群数量十分有利。